Commentaries (some of them cheeky or provocative) on economic topics by Ralph Musgrave. This site is dedicated to Abba Lerner. I disagree with several claims made by Lerner, and made by his intellectual descendants, that is advocates of Modern Monetary Theory (MMT). But I regard MMT on balance as being a breath of fresh air for economics.
Monday, 4 October 2010
National debt reduction for dummies.
The dummies in charge of Britain and several other countries can’t fathom out how to stop their national debts rising. All they plan to do is SLOW DOWN THE RATE OF GROWTH. For example the consensus amongst British politicians is that Britain should halve its deficit in about four years.
Well pay attention dummies. Here’s how to stop the national debt rising as from tomorrow. (This is actually just a move towards a monetary regime advocated by Milton Friedman which involved NO NATIONAL DEBT AT ALL.)
1. Stop all government borrowing tomorrow (apart from rolling over existing debt).
2. Leave public sector spending untouched.
3. That means a large UNFUNDED deficit. That is, the deficit accumulates as extra monetary base instead of extra national debt.
4. Still with me?
5. The effect of “3” above would be excessively stimulatory and probably inflationary. So temper that with a DEFLATIONARY method of deficit reduction, i.e. get some of the money for the deficit reduction by raising taxes and/or cutting public spending: ideally by just enough that the above inflationary and deflationary effects cancel out. That leaves a NEUTRAL EFFECT.
6. Having the above stimulatory and deflationary effects EXACTLY cancel each other is of course difficult. But getting ANYTHING exactly right when running an economy is never easy. The important point about the argument here is that it achieves something that according to conventional thinking is impossible. That is the important point about the argument here is the THEORY.
7. If you think the above tax rises and public spending cuts means “austerity”, then you are wrong. Remember I said “NEUTRAL” just above? That is, there is (ideally) no stimulatory or deflationary effect from the above wheeze. That is aggregate demand, output per head, total numbers employed, etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. remain the same.
8. Still with me?
9. A moderately intelligent question at this stage would be along the lines “You’ve just said no austerity is involved, but you’re advocating tax rises and public spending cuts. Isn’t that a self contradiction?”
Answer: remember that the unfunded deficit or accumulation of monetary base in the hands of the private sector puts extra spending power into the hands of the private sector. Thus the private sector will spend more. If some of that money is then taken away from the private sector in the form of extra tax, the private sector will be approximately back where it started. Ergo . . . . . no austerity!!!!!
As to the public sector spending cuts, these can be immediately cancelled because of the above mentioned increased government income from the above extra tax which can be spent on public sector employment.
10. It would be easy to take the above argument a stage further and actually bring about a REDUCTION IN THE NATIONAL DEBT STARTING AS FROM TOMORROW. But that would be too much of a shock for economic conservatives and adherents to the conventional wisdom. One step at a time when teaching babies to walk!
11. The real bonus of the above policy is that it would enable Britain to stick two metaphorical fingers up at “the markets”. “The markets” are currently desperate to lend to just about anyone willing to take their money, apart from obvious no hopers (e.g. some PIG countries). Yields on U.S. inflation proofed government bonds are currently NEGATIVE*.
If Britain, the U.S. and other major countries all adopted the above “Churchillian salute” policy, I suspect “the markets” would have a collective nervous breakdown and would beg any reasonably responsible country to take their money at a negative real rate of interest.
12. It is worth summarising the changes in the flows of money between households and government that result from the above policy So here goes.
First, those who do not have significant holdings of national debt (roughly speaking the less well off) pay less tax because they do not need to fund so much interest on national debt. Thus extra taxes can be raised on this section of the population: ideally enough tax to put them back where they started.
Second, there are those who DO have significant holdings of national debt (roughly speaking, the well off). The purpose of having government borrow from these people (as Modern Monetary Theory correctly points out) is NOT to fund government. The purpose is to damp private sector demand by enough to make room for proposed increases in government spending.
Under the “no more borrowing” policy advocated here, these people would pay more tax. Ideally the amount of tax needs to be whatever brings the same “damping” effect as would have been occasioned by borrowing, had the deficit been left in place.
The ACTUAL AMOUNT of tax will CERTAINLY NOT be equal to the amount of borrowing that would otherwise have taken place (and any suggestion that the two are or would be equal is to fall for the most popular mistake in economics: applying micro economic ideas at the macroeconomic level).
At a rough guess, the amount of tax that would have to be raised from the wealthy would be a small proportion of the amount that would otherwise have been borrowed, perhaps about a tenth. Reason is that there is a very big difference between government PERMANENTLY CONFISCATING one’s money (tax) and government borrowing one’s money. In the latter scenario (borrowing) one is still the “owner” of the money. Moreover, one gets a receipt from government (Treasuries in the US and “Gilts” in the UK) which are almost as good as money: the “receipts” can readily be used (like money) to transact business. To illustrate if you have $10k of Treasuries, no money, and want to buy a $10k car, all you do is sell the Treasuries and use the cash to buy the car!
Stop press - (6th Oct). Looks like my above suggestion about responsible governments being able to stick two fingers up at their creditors has become slightly nearer a reality. See post by Stefan Karlsson entitled "Please, U.S. Government. Take My Money" (6th Oct).
Afterthought (12th Oct). Re the amount the amount of extra tax than needs to be raised from the wealthy or Gilt owners, it could easily be less than a tenth of the value of the Gilts concerned. The relevant question is: “what amount of tax leaves a neutral effect?” To illustrate, if I get £X in exchange for £X of Gilts, there will be a finite stimulatory effect: I’ll have excess cash and will channel it to other assets (and presumably a small amount of extra consumption). But suppose I get £0.95X, because I am taxed to the tune of 0.05 of the value of the Gilts. In that case I may well feel poorer and will in consequence not do anything that results in stimulation. I.e. the ratio could easily be 1:20 or less.
* See Stefan Karlsson’s blog post, “Record Low Real U.S. Treasury Yields.” (28th Sept 2010).
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Let me get this straight:
ReplyDeleteWe have a £150Bn deficit. We stop borrowing money by issuing gilts to fund this. We 'print' money instead at the BoE for the govt to spend instead of borrowing. But you don't print the entire £150bn. You have to raise taxes and cut spending by an equal amount as the extra money printed, to balance the equation. Which in my book equals an austerity drive of £75Bn. Which is massively more than what is currently proposed. Which is an actual rise in spending over the period to 2015.
Or have I missed something?
Jim: I’ll take your figures (£150bn deficit) and I’ll assume the aim is stop the national debt rising.
ReplyDeleteAs you rightly say “We 'print' money instead at the BoE for the govt to spend instead of borrowing. But you don’t print the entire £150bn.”
However you then assume, as I understand you, that the entire £150bn (or thereabouts) has to be funded by tax cuts and/or public spending cuts.
That is microeconomic or “accountancy” thinking. We are into macro economics here. In particular, I think in terms of Abba Lerner’s “functional finance” or “modern monetary theory” as it now tends to be called.
Lerner’s big insight (though I’ve been told Karl Marx got there first) is that the size of a deficit is immaterial. The only important question is “what deficit (or surplus) do we need to maximise employment without bringing excessive inflation?”
In my above example I don’t actually aim to maximise employment: I just aim to stop the national debt rising while leaving the country’s macroeconomic stance unchanged – I called that “neutral” effect above.
To do this, one needs the stimulatory effect of money printing to equal the deflationary effect of extra tax (and/or public spending cuts).
My rough guess, as pointed out above, is that about nine times as much money printing needs to be effected as money collected in extra taxes. I.e. taking the £150bn figure, that would be £135bn of money printing and £15bn of extra taxes / public spending cuts. But if some clever clogs can prove that the ratio is 1:2 instead of 1:9, then I’m quite happy with that. Whatever the ratio, the net macroeconomic effect should be zero: i.e. no more (or less) austerity than currently exists.
After completing the above “print and tax” operation, there is of course a significant stimulatory effect still in operation, but that (at least in theory) equals the stimulatory effect from the government’s current Keynsian “borrow and spend” operation.
Ah I see where you're coming from now. But isn't that ratio the crucial bit? The bit that without which the whole scheme falls apart?
ReplyDeleteBecause if you print too much (and cut spending/raise taxes too little) then you risk massive inflation (potentially a catastrophic loss of confidence in the currency itself), and if you print too little, you will have cut spending/raised taxes by far too much, thereby killing the economy anyway?
It seems to me your idea is a very risky one. The risks on both sides are large (hyperinflationary boom or depression-like slump). If you cannot accurately KNOW the ratio of printing to spending cuts/tax rises, the risks of your stategy outweigh those of other strategies.
Also as I pointed out, the current strategy does not actually cut spending at all. It raises some extra taxes, possibly 10-20BN/year from the VAT hike, 50% tax rate and NI increases. Are you proposing to print the other £130Bn-ish? And for how long?
Is there not a danger that politicians cannot be trusted with such a dangerous tool? The temptation to just print a few more Bn for the pet project de jour would be immense. I for one would predict such a policy would end in a similar manner to Weimar Germany.
Jim, Re the risks involved in not knowing “the ratio”, there are huge uncertainties ANYWAY in running economies. For example there is plenty of argument about the effect of QE. There are arguments over the effectiveness of interest rate adjustments. Plus nearly a century after Keynes wrote his General Theory, we are still arguing about whether Keynsian “borrow and spend” actually works. Some people claim the borrow element results in crowding out private sector activity, and thus renders Keynsian borrow and spend ineffective.
ReplyDeleteAll we can do is try to get the theory right, and then “go for it” and see what happens.
Re letting politicians near the printing press, there are arguments both ways here as well. Bill Mitchell on his blog (http://bilbo.economicoutlook.net/blog/) produced a chart showing no relationship for about 20 countries as between central bank independence and inflation. Despite that, I personally I favour a high degree of central bank independence.
Given an independent central bank, there would have to be SOME coordination between central bank and treasury when effecting the above “stop the national debt rising” policy. But the actual process of printing extra money could be sole preserve of the central bank. So my proposal does not mean politicians necessarily have direct access to the printing press.